The bird recource census and planning of population monitoring system and establishment of database in Yushan National Park
中文摘要
一、 研究緣起與方法
玉山國家公園成立至今已有二十幾年,為了能確實掌握園區內的鳥類資源,故進行鳥類資源清查,並規劃未來鳥類資源調查的長期監測模式。本計畫共進行三項工作:(一)鳥類資源清查,藉由彙整玉管處所有鳥類相關的研究調查報告及賞鳥記錄,並於塔塔加地區進行候鳥繫放及過境猛禽觀測,以期整理出一份新的玉山鳥類名錄。(二)依此名錄,建立玉山國家公園鳥類資料庫,提供民眾上網查詢使用。(三)比較人員調查與自動錄音系統之差異,評估以自動錄音系統作為鳥類族群監測的可行性。
二、 重要發現
在查閱文獻報告及賞鳥記錄和詢問學者專家及管理處同仁後,再加上本年度於塔塔加地區所做的候鳥繫放及過境猛禽觀測所發現的兩個新紀錄種,總共清查出14目48科189種鳥類。同時也確認所有台灣特有種鳥類(23種)皆可在玉山園區內發現。2009年9~12月於塔塔加地區共進行8次候鳥繫放作業,總共捕抓到候鳥13種58隻,數量上以紅尾伯勞(Lanius schach)22隻最多,茅斑蝗鶯(Locustella lanceolata)16隻次之。捕獲的候鳥中僅有一隻有回收紀錄,顯示塔塔加是個典型的過境地,候鳥僅在此作短暫停留。秋季日行性過境猛禽,共調查21日,總共調查到3科9種,赤腹鷹(Accipiter soloensis)有將近2000隻,灰面鵟鷹(Butastur indicus)約1500隻,其餘種類大多在10隻以內。赤腹鷹與灰面鵟鷹過境塔塔加的高峰期與墾丁極近似,惟數量少很多。根據新的鳥類名錄,已建置完成鳥類資源資料庫,提供訊息包括各鳥種學名、特有性、保育等級、外部形態、生態習性,以及在玉山園區出現情形等文字描述。另外,也聯結Google Earth 將該鳥種在玉山國家公園內出現的地點標示出來。另外,就單位時間內所能記錄到的鳥種數而言,人員調查仍然優於自動錄音。兩者呈現明顯正相關(F1,32 = 16.65, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.3422;南安),因此可以用線性迴歸模式(y = 0.7202 x + 2.2569)來預測實際出現的鳥種數。雖然自動錄音確實比較容易低估叫聲細微的鳥種,如黑枕藍鶲(Hypothymis azurea)等,不過自動錄音能長時間記錄的優點卻可以彌補調查人力之不足。因此,結合人員調查及自動監測可能是較可行的族群監測方法。
三、 主要建議事項
過去的鳥類調查,因當時尚無GPS可供使用,絕大多數未記錄座標。因此也無法實際應用到地理資訊系統(GIS)或在Google Earth上做展示。建議未來重新再做一次全園區的鳥類相調查,確實登錄各鳥種出現的座標位置及海拔高度。另外如環境照片、聲音、甚至生活史資料等皆可一併收集,以充實資料庫的內容。此外,塔塔加地區秋季過境候鳥多樣且豐富,是個相當值得探究的生物景觀。今年已針對夜間過境候鳥及日間過境猛禽做較有系統的調查,未來若能持續投入調查,應可獲致突破性的進展。繫放作業之施作可配合猛禽觀測於9-10月間長期駐站調查,增加取樣頻率,才有可能有較大的進展。猛禽方面,最好是可以同時從兩個或三個地點進行觀測,方能得到較準確的資料。
英文摘要
To determine the number of bird species in the Yushan National Park, we compiled fauna reports, birding records, and consulted experts on Yushan’s birds. Fieldword was carried out to survey migratory birds that are elusive and with high probability of finding additional species. Based on the checklist, an avian database was created for the birds of the Yushan National Park. On the other hand, point counts were taken to make a comparion with data from automatic sound recording system to evaluate the feasibility of using automatic device as a tool for long-term monitoring of bird diversity. The results show that 189 bird species have been recorded so far in the Yushan Nationla Park, including all the 23 endemic species that occur in Taiwan. Our effort in migrant survey comfirmed that migrants passing Tataka area are mostly transients, which can be the most rewardable group to explore if we are aim to increase the number of species. Furthermore, we created an avian database with life history information on all the species in the Yushan National Park. Nevertheless, field data are still needed to improve the database, especially on distribution. Finally, we found point counts detected significantly more species than using automatic sound recording system, because the latter usually leaf out species having weak sounds. However, automatic sound recording system can work continuously for a long period of time. This strength may compensate its weakness in detecting some other species. As a result, combining automatic motering system and field survey could be a better strategy for long-term monitoring of bird population in the Yushan National Park.